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1 this doctrine bears the endorsement of the very highest names
Общая лексика: эту доктрину поддерживают величайшие авторитетыУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > this doctrine bears the endorsement of the very highest names
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2 this doctrine bears the indorsement of the very highest names
Общая лексика: эту доктрину поддерживают величайшие авторитетыУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > this doctrine bears the indorsement of the very highest names
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3 fatalism (A doctrine that events are fixed in advance so that human beings are powerless to change them; also a belief in or attitude determined by this doctrine)
Религия: фатализмУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > fatalism (A doctrine that events are fixed in advance so that human beings are powerless to change them; also a belief in or attitude determined by this doctrine)
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4 Panentheism (According to this doctrine, God is all that exists, God is at once the entire universe, and transcends the universe as well)
Религия: панэнтеизмУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Panentheism (According to this doctrine, God is all that exists, God is at once the entire universe, and transcends the universe as well)
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5 poison of this doctrine
Макаров: губительное действие этой доктриныУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > poison of this doctrine
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6 the followers of this doctrine
Общая лексика: последователи этого ученияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > the followers of this doctrine
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7 the poison of this doctrine
Макаров: губительное действие этой доктриныУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > the poison of this doctrine
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8 this is a doctrine from which all sensible people must revolt
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > this is a doctrine from which all sensible people must revolt
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9 учение
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10 учение
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11 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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12 буддийское учение
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > буддийское учение
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13 философское учение
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > философское учение
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14 учение
1. с. training, drill, studies2. с. theory, teaching3. doctrineСинонимический ряд:маневры (сущ.) маневры; тактические учения -
15 губительное действие этой доктрины
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > губительное действие этой доктрины
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16 эту доктрину поддерживают величайшие авторитеты
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > эту доктрину поддерживают величайшие авторитеты
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17 принцип
principle, mode, consideration, concept, precept• Базовый принцип этого состоит в том, что... - The underlying idea is that...• В дальнейшем следует помнить этот важный принцип. - This is an important principle to be kept in mind as we proceed.• В принципе это подобно (че. иу-л). - This is similar in principle to...• В принципе, могло бы быть полезным... - In principle it may be advantageous to...• Важное применение данных принципов обнаруживается в... - An important application of these principles is to be found in...• Данный подход нарушает основной принцип... - This approach violates the basic principle of...• Данный принцип легко обобщается на... - The principle is readily extended to...• Данный принцип утверждает, что... - This principle states that...• Другой важный пример этого принципа встречается, когда... - Another important example of this principle occurs when...• Использующийся здесь принцип состоит в том, что... - The principle used here is...• Исходя из этого (общего) принципа... - With this (general) principle in mind...• Легко сформулировать весьма ясный общий принцип. - The general principle is quite clear and easy to state.• Метод основывается на принципе, что... - This method is based on the principle that...• Одно приложение данного принципа является особенно важным. - One application of this principle is especially important.• Оказывается, что эти же самые общие принципы применяются независимо от того, действительно ли... - It appears that these same general principles apply regardless of whether...• Отметим, что основные черты данного принципа состоят в... - The principal features to note are...• По крайней мере в принципе это позволяет нам (сказать и т. п.)... - At least in principle, this enables us to...• Подобные принципы доказали свою полезность при проектировании... - Similar principles prove helpful in the design of...• Полностью оценить смысл данного принципа можно лишь после того, как у нас имеется... - The full meaning of this principle can be appreciated only after we have...• Поучительно проверить этот результат, начиная с изначальных принципов. - It is instructive to verify this result from first principles.• Предыдущее описание просто иллюстрирует принцип... - The above description merely illustrates the principle of...• Предыдущие примеры иллюстрируют общий принцип, что... - The preceding examples illustrate the general fact that...• Применяя принцип виртуальных работ, мы... - By applying the principle of virtual work we...• Таким образом, в принципе необходимо только... - Thus, in principle at least, it is only necessary to...• Те же самые общие принципы выполняются, когда... - The same general principles hold when...• Теперь мы рассмотрим несколько фундаментальных принципов... - We now turn to several fundamental principles...• Тот же самый принцип применяется, когда... - The same principle applies when...• Третий пример иллюстрирует основной принцип, что... - Example 3 illustrates the general principle that...• Этот принцип был применен при производстве... - This principle has been applied to the manufacture of... -
18 сейчас
now, at once, presently, at present, immediately, right away• Однако даже сейчас мы обязаны... - But even at this stage we must...• Однако сейчас мы можем рассмотреть... - For the present, however, we can consider...• Прямо сейчас нам необходимо обозначение для... - Right away we need a notation to indicate...• Сейчас будет полезно (ввести и т. п.)... - It will be useful at this point to...• Сейчас могло бы быть интересным (рассмотреть и т. п.)... - It may be of interest at this point to...• Сейчас могло бы быть полезным... - It may be helpful at this point to...• Сейчас мы обсудим... - We proceed to a discussion of...• Сейчас мы просто отметим, что... - For the present, we merely note that...• Сейчас мы рассмотрим... - Now we consider...• Сейчас мы рассмотрим лишь... - At present we shall consider only...• Сейчас нам будет достаточно получить... - Here we shall be satisfied to obtain...• Сейчас нам будет достаточно рассмотреть случай, когда... - It will be sufficient for the present to consider the case where...• Сейчас преобладает мнение о том, что... - The prevailing view today is that...• Сейчас признается, что... - It is now recognized that...• Сейчас считается, что... - It is currently thought that...• Этого принципа придерживаются и сейчас. - This doctrine still holds today. -
19 fatalism
['feɪtlɪz(ə)m]1) Общая лексика: фатализм2) Религия: (A doctrine that events are fixed in advance so that human beings are powerless to change them; also a belief in or attitude determined by this doctrine) фатализм -
20 фатализм
1) General subject: fatalism2) Rare: destinism3) Religion: fatalism (A doctrine that events are fixed in advance so that human beings are powerless to change them; also a belief in or attitude determined by this doctrine), qismat4) Psychology: hard determinism
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